Scale Background

Perceived Social Influences in Sport Scale 2 (PSISS-2) seeks to measure the social influences of significant others perceived by young athletes. While significant others such as parents, coaches, and peers might exert their influences on young athletes in different ways, the PSISS-2 is designed to capture the core social influences (i.e., evaluative feedback and affiliative responses) that may theoretically be enacted by all social agents.

 

The fundamental difference between PSISS and PSISS-2 is that PSISS only looks at the competence feedback from social agents. Competence information is given to athlete based on their performance, so it is a conditional response. However, social agents may also provide relationship information that is unconditional to athletes’ performance. For example, athletes may feel the coach’s respect, parents’ understanding, or the teammates’ friendliness regardless of their performance in sport. PSISS-2 aims to capture all the perceived social influence, including competence information and relationship information. Therefore, the initial conceptualisation of PSISS-2 was a 2X2 factor model.

 

Through a rigorous qualitative input and expert reviewer process, and factor analyses (EFA and CFA) with separate samples, PSISS-2 consists of three factors with a total of 12 items (for each social agent). The results from factor analyses showed that positive reinforcement and affiliation could be combined as a new factor named as Positive Reinforcemen (but they could also be separated as two independent positive factors), and Punishment and Dysfunction stood as two negative factors.

 



 




Items


Factor 1a: Positive Influence - Positive Reinforcement

  1. Praise(s) me when I perform well in sport
  2. Make(s) me feel good when I perform well in sport
  3. Encourage(s) me when I do something good in sport
  4. Is (Are) happy with me for things I do in sport


Factor 1b: Positive Influence - Affiliation

  1. Respect(s) me in sport
  2. Care(s) about me in sport
  3. Support(s) me whenever I need in sport
  4. Understand(s) me in sport

 

Factor 2: Punishment

  1. Make(s) me feel bad when I make mistakes in sport
  2. Criticise(s) me if I do not perform well in sport
  3. Is (Are) disappointed if I do not perform well in sport
  4. React(s) badly with me if I do wrong things in sport

 

Factor 3: Dysfunction

  1. Often has (have) arguments/fights with me in sport
  2. Often make(s) me feel upset in sport
  3. Do(es) not respect my thoughts or opinions in sport
  4. Do(es) bad things to me in sport

 

Example layout of the item

 


Not True At All

Neutral


Very True

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Praise(s) me when I perform well in sport.

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

 



Citation:

 

Chan, D. K. C., Keegan, R. J., Lee, A. S. Y., Yang, S. X., Zhang, L., Rhodes R. E., & Lonsdale, C. (2019). Toward a better assessment of perceived social influence: The relative role of significant others on young athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports. 29(2), 286-298. doi: 10.1111/sms.13320

 

Keegan, R., Chan, D., & Lonsdale, C. (2013). Development and validation of the Perceived Social Influences in Sport Scale-2 (PSISS-2): A cross cultural study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16, e51-e51.






Perceived Social Influence in Sport Scale-2 (PSISS-2)

Instruction: Using the scale provided, please indicate the degree to which you think the following behaviours are true to your coach, father, mother, and teammates. If any of them do not apply to you, please skip responding to the corresponding items. For example, if you don’t have a coach, you do not have to respond to all the items related to coach.

 

 

 

Not True

At All

 

Very

True

 

1

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Praise(s) me when I perform well in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

2

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Make(s) me feel good when I perform well in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

3

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Encourage(s) me when I do something good in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

4

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Is (Are) happy with me for things I do in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

5

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Respect(s) me in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

6

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Care(s) about me in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

7

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Support(s) me whenever I need in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

8

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Understand(s) me in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

9

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Make(s) me feel bad when I make mistakes in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

10

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Criticise(s) me if I do not perform well in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

11

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Is (Are) disappointed if I do not perform well in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

12

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

React(s) badly with me if I do wrong things in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

13

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Often has (have) arguments/fights with me in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

14

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Often make(s) me feel upset in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

15

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Do(es) not respect my thoughts or opinions in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

16

My Coach

1

2

3

4

5

Do(es) bad things to me in sport

My Father

1

2

3

4

5

My Mother

1

2

3

4

5

My Teammates

1

2

3

4

5

 

Scoring Key: Positive Influence (Item 1-8), Punishment (Item 9-12), Dysfunction (13-16)


Chinese version

 

请圈出适当的数字代表你教练、父母和队友，平时在你的运动专项里，有多会进行陈述中的行为。

如果你有多于一个教练或属于多一个团队，请以对你最重要的教练或团队作出回答。

 

 

 

完全

不同意

 

中立

 

非常

同意

1

在我的运动专项里：

当我表现好的时候，他 /她/ 他们 会称赞我。

 

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

2

 

在我的运动专项里：

当我表现差的时候，他 /她/ 他们 会批评我。

 

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

3

 

在我的运动专项里：

当我有需要的时候，他 /她/ 他们 会支持我。

 

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

4

 

在我的运动专项里：

他 /她/ 他们 常常使我感到不安。

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

5

在我的运动专项里：

当我做得好的时候，他 /她/ 他们 会鼓励我。

 

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

6

在我的运动专项里：

当我犯错误的时候，他 /她/ 他们 会令我难过。

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

7

在我的运动专项里：

他 /她/ 他们 尊重我。

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

8

在我的运动专项里：

他 /她/ 他们 经常和我争论 / 吵架。

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

 

 

 


 

完全

不同意

 

中立

 

非常

同意

9

在我的运动专项里：

他 /她/ 他们 会为我做的事情感到高兴。

 

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

10

 

在我的运动专项里：

当我做了错误的事情，他/她/他们 会有负面的反应。

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

11

 

在我的运动专项里：

他 /她/ 他们 了解我。

 

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

12

 

在我的运动专项里：

他 /她/ 他们 不尊重我的想法和意见。

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

13

在我的运动专项里：

当我做得好的时候，他/她/他们 会令我感到快乐。

 

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

14

 

在我的运动专项里：

当我表现差的时候，他 /她/ 他们 会感到失望。

 

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

15

在我的运动专项里：

他 /她/ 他们 会关心我。

 

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

16

在我的运动专项里：

他 /她/ 他们 会做伤害我的事情。

我的教练员

1

2

3

4

5

我的父亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的母亲

1

2

3

4

5

我的队友

1

2

3

4

5

 




Citation:

 

Chan, D. K. C., Keegan, R. J., Lee, A. S. Y., Yang, S. X., Zhang, L., Rhodes R. E., & Lonsdale, C. (2019). Toward a better assessment of perceived social influence: The relative role of significant others on young athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports. 29(2), 286-298. doi: 10.1111/sms.13320




social influence
Derwin Chan Research
Perceived Social Influence in Sport Scale 2

Results

Through a rigorous qualitative input and expert reviewer process, and factor analyses (EFA and CFA) with separate samples, PSISS-2 consists of three factors with a total of 12 items (for each social agent). The results from factor analyses showed that positive reinforcement and affiliation loaded into a single positive factor (new factor named as Positive Reinforcement), and Punishment and Dysfunction stood as two negative factors.